¹Atal Bihari Vajpayee Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur, Chhatisgarh, India
²Department of Botany, Government Agrasen College, Bilha, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, India

^*Corresponding author: Soni MY, Atal Bihari Vajpayee Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur, Chhatisgarh, India; E-mail: yaminisoni89@gmail.com

Copyright: © Soni MY, et al. 2022. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Article Information: Submission: 25/04/2022; Accepted: 03/06/2022; Published: 07/06/2022

Rice is the staple food of more than half of the population of the world, is an important target to provide food security and livelihoods for millions. Weeds grow and dispersion patterns in rice fields are dynamic in nature. The survey of weed flora was conduct in Bilaspur district region of Chhattisgarh state to identify problem of weed species in the rice field. The survey has been carried out of four selected site in rice field. During the study and survey of weeds plant in rice field have been done in the month of August to September 2021. Climatic conditions are generally wet and humid type in this region and rainfall is average. The result of this survey has obtained 41 weed species belonging to 29 Genera and 10 families. Dicot /monocot ratio of weeds is 23/18 and Genera / Species ratio are 29/41. Dominating Weed families in the rice fields of study site in Bilaspur district are Poaceae, Cyperaceae, Asteraceae, Euphorbiaceae, Amaranthaceae, Oxalidaceae. The highest number of weed species in rice field of study sites is form poaceae family belonging to 8 genera and 12 species and less weed species is from Oxalidaceae, Rubiaceae and Verbenaceae families belonging to 1 genera and 1 species. The study was based on survey of weed species in rice field of Bilaspur district (C.G.).

Rice weeds; Bilaspur district; Dominating species

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a member of poaceae family and is a staple food of world population. Rice is extensively cultivated all over the country. In Chhattisgarh rice is the most important and extensively grown food crop and rice is an important target to provide food security and livelihoods for millions. Paddy is a source of income for number of industrial products like rice starch, rice bran oil, flaked rice, noodles, puffed rice, rice straw product and rice husk etc. Being staple food it plays a great role in the economy of India hence occupies a central position in agricultural policy making [1-3]. India is the second big largest producer of rice after china. Rice is the primary source of income and employment of many farmers. Paddy is the identity of Chhattisgarh due to which it is called rice bowl of Chhattisgarh. The reduction in paddy yield due to weed composition ranges from 9-51%. Uncontrolled growth of weeds in paddy reduced the grain yield by 75.8, 70.6 and 62.6% in dry seeded rice, wet seeded rice and transplanted rice, respectively. In weed management program, a tough survey is necessary to address the current weed problems in the rice field and survey information is very much important in building target oriented research programs [2].

Weeds are unwanted plants of any plant community. They interfere with the main crop by utilization of land and water resources, and reduce quantity and quality of rice production. Weed is an aggressive pest for rice causing serious yield reduction in rice production worldwide. The weeds that grow along with paddy crop results of output of agricultural are very low. They are the major barriers to rice production because of their ability to compete for co2, space, water, moisture, sunlight, and nutrients. Weeds take all the nutrient of the soil from where they grow and fertility, nutrient of soil gets reduced. Among the cereal crops, it serves as the principal source of nourishment for over- half of the global population [4]. Weeds are suppressed to rice production & their marketing rate also affected by weeds. Weed succession and distribution pattern in rice fields are dynamic in nature. The composition of the weeds flora may differ depending on location and atmosphere [1].

Bilaspur district is located in the northern region of Chhattisgarh state. Bilaspur is located 260 meters above sea level (Figure 1). The geographical location of the study site is 25°.5’ North latitude and 82°.12’ East longitude and it is a big rice cultivation area [5-9]. Survey was conducted in four different sites of the Bilaspur district. Site’s are - Masturi, Ghuru, Ratanpur, and Ganiyari. These sites are located in approximately 25 km. distance from each other. Climatic conditions are generally wet and humid type. The rainfall of month of august and September are 5.8 and 8.0 mm respectively and the minimum and maximum temperature of the district are 23.40c and 31.50c. in month of August and 23.2 and 31.5 in month of September. (Source: Climate department, Barrister Thakur Chhedilal college of Agriculture & Research Station Bilaspur Chhattisgarh. The climate is ideal for agriculture development, particularly for rice [10,11].

General survey was done in rice field in the month of august to September 2021 by quadrate method. The size of quadrate is 50×50 meter. Obtained weed plants were identified with the help of available literature and standard flora (5) .Their Botanical name, family, local name, flowering period are identified.

Table 1 indicate during the study and survey of weeds plant of rice field in Bilaspur district more than 41 weed species obtained belonging to 10 families and 29 genera. Dicot/ Monocot ratio of weeds species are 23/18 and genera species ratio are 29/41. According to Table 2 dominant weeds families are Poaceae , Cyperaceae, Asteraceae, Amaranthaceae, Euphorbiaceae and Oxalidaceae with genus Echinochloa, Cynodon, Paspalum, Eleusine, Cyperus, Ageratum, Eclipta, Alternanthera, Phylanthus, Euphorbia and Oxalis and its species are colona, crusgalli, dactylon, scrobiculatum, distichum, indica, rotundus, pilosus, distans, sanguinolentus, conyzoides, prostrata, sessilis, urinaria, hirta, corniculata (Figure 2 & 3). Table 3 indicate families wise genera and species ratio of weed flora in rice fields of study area which is based on Table 1. In this table monocot Poaceae family is most dominating families belonging to 8 genera and 12 species and in dicot Asteraceae is most dominating families belonging to 8 genera and 9 species and less weeds species is from Oxalidaceae, Rubiaceae and Verbenaceae families belonging to 1 genera and 1 species which is shown in the graph. Similar result obtained by many researches such as Sharma R.P. and Dubey V. (2009) in Bilaspur district (Chhattisgarh), Sinha M.K. (2017) in Koria district (Chhattisgarh), Karim S.M.R., (2004) in Malaysia, L.R. Dangwal (2012) in Rajouri district (J&K) [12-15]. The report of all these is a discussion on the weed problem in the paddy field. Weeds are a persistent problem in agriculture production system and increased production cost, resulting in high economic losses.