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Journal of Plant Science and Research

Review Article

Artillery Fungi (Sphaerobolus spp.) A Review of Horticultural Problems with Emphasis on Pennsylvania, USA

Davis DD1* and Fidanza MA2

1Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, USA
2Department of Science, The Pennsylvania State University, USA
*Corresponding author: Davis DD, Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA USA; Email: ddd2@psu.edu
Copyright: © Davis DD, et al. 2022. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Article Information: Submission: 19/12/2021; Accepted: 15/01/2022; Published: 17/01/2022

Abstract

Artillery fungi have been studied scientifically since 1729. For the nearly 3 centuries since, most publications dealing with artillery fungi were mycological studies. However, in the latter half of the 20th century, this mycological curiosity became of serious concern to homeowners in many parts of the USA, where artillery fungi grow on foundation landscape mulches, which are often comprised of shredded recycled wood. Such mulch is often colonized by artillery fungi, which can propel their sticky spore masses (gleba) towards sides of houses covered with highly reflective light-colored siding. The sticky gleba adhere tenaciously to vinyl siding and are very difficult to remove. If they can be removed, they often leave behind a brown stain. In this review, we examine the efforts to control this pest in landscape mulch, many of which have been ineffective in the USA. However, one promising “green” sustainable solution is to mix used recycled mushroom compost into the landscape mulch. Used mushroom compost may contain micro-organisms that are antagonistic towards artillery fungi. This control effort may result in a substantial reduction of artillery fungus populations, thus minimizing sporulation.